> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.console.zenlayer.com/welcome/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.console.zenlayer.com/welcome/cn/elastic-compute/instance-monitoring/02-workload-self.md).

# 问题是否出在我自己的工作负载上？

这些面板指向您的应用内部。当它们出现异动时，请检查您的工作负载——而非基础设施。

## Memory Utilization — Real Utilization

您的工作负载*实际*持有的内存，不包含页面缓存和缓冲区。这个数值才是判断您是否面临内存耗尽的依据。

## Memory Utilization — Utilization

大多数监控工具默认显示的原始数值——已用 / 总量，且将缓存计为已用。我们将其与 **Real Utilization** 并排展示，以便您直观看出两者的差距。

**Utilization** 较高而 **Real Utilization** 较低是健康状态：Linux 正在将空闲 RAM 用作机会性缓存，这正是其预期行为。**Real Utilization** 较高则表明存在工作负载问题：请分析您应用的内存使用情况。

## Swap In / Swap Out

每秒从磁盘换入 / 换出到磁盘的页面数。生产环境 VM 上出现非零 Swap 流量，几乎总意味着工作负载已超出其工作集范围。请为实例增加内存、缩减工作集，或接受由此带来的延迟损耗。

## KSWAPD Steal

内核回收守护进程为释放页面所付出的代价的激烈程度。该值在 Swap 抖动变得可见之前便会上升——这是工作集即将触及上限的早期预警信号。

## KSWAPD LHWM

记录回收守护进程唤醒后立即发现内存低于低水位线的次数。与 KSWAPD Steal 结合阅读，可判断内核是在从容运作还是在疲于应对。

## Swap Total / Swap Free

上述 Swap 活动面板的容量背景信息。用于确认 Swap 是否已配置，以及剩余空间还有多少。

## System Load Average — Last 1 / 5 / 15 Minutes

来自 Guest 内部的标准 Linux 负载均值，覆盖三个时间窗口。可用于高层次的健全性检查，但单独使用不足以下结论——负载均值包含处于不可中断睡眠状态的进程，因此高负载数值既可能意味着 CPU 饱和，也可能意味着 I/O 饱和。请结合 CPU 和磁盘面板一起阅读。

## API 参考

所有实例指标均使用 `DescribeInstanceMonitorData`，并配合以下 `metricType` 值。

| Console 面板                            | metricType     |
| ------------------------------------- | -------------- |
| Memory Utilization — Utilization      | `MEM_UTIL`     |
| Memory Utilization — Real Utilization | `REALMEM_UTIL` |
| Swap Total                            | `SWAP_TOTAL`   |
| Swap Free                             | `SWAP_FREE`    |
| Swap In                               | `SWAP_IN`      |
| Swap Out                              | `SWAP_OUT`     |
| KSWAPD Steal                          | `KSWAPD_STEAL` |
| KSWAPD LHWM                           | `KSWAPD_LHWM`  |
| System Load Average — Last 1 Minute   | `LOAD1`        |
| System Load Average — Last 5 Minutes  | `LOAD5`        |
| System Load Average — Last 15 Minutes | `LOAD15`       |


---

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